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*gui_x11.txt* For Vim version 6.0. Last change: 2001 Sep 07 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar Vim's Graphical User Interface *gui-x11* *GUI-X11* *Athena* *Motif* 1. Starting the X11 GUI |gui-x11-start| 2. GUI Resources |gui-resources| 3. Shell Commands |gui-pty| 4. Various |gui-x11-various| 5. GTK version |gui-gtk| 6. GNOME version |gui-gnome| 7. Compiling |gui-x11-compiling| 8. X11 selection mechanism |x11-selection| Other relevant documentation: |gui.txt| For generic items of the GUI. {Vi does not have any of these commands} ============================================================================== 1. Starting the X11 GUI *gui-x11-start* Then you can run the GUI version of Vim in either of these ways: gvim [options] [files...] vim -g [options] [files...] So if you call the executable "gvim", or make "gvim" a link to the executable, then the GUI version will automatically be used. Additional characters may be added after "gvim", for example "gvim-5". You may also start up the GUI from within the terminal version by using one of these commands: :gui [++opt] [+cmd] [-f|-b] [files...] *:gu* *:gui* :gvim [++opt] [+cmd] [-f|-b] [files...] *:gv* *:gvim* The "-f" option runs Vim in the foreground. The "-b" option runs Vim in the background (this is the default). Also see |++opt| and |+cmd|. *gui-fork* When the GUI is started, it does a fork() and exits the current process. When gvim was started from a shell this makes the shell accept further commands. If you don't want this (e.g. when using gvim for a mail program that waits for gvim to exit), start gvim with "gvim -f", "vim -gf" or use ":gui -f". Don't use "vim -fg", because "-fg" specifies the foreground color. When using "gvim -f" and then ":gui", Vim will run in the foreground. The "-f" argument will be remembered. To force running Vim in the background use ":gui -b". If you want the GUI to run in the foreground always, include the 'f' flag in 'guioptions'. |-f|. ============================================================================== 2. GUI Resources *gui-resources* *.Xdefaults* If using the Motif or Athena version of the GUI (not for the GTK+ or Win32 version), a number of X resources are available. You should use Vim's class "Vim" when setting these. They are as follows: Resource name Meaning ~ reverseVideo Boolean: should reverse video be used? background Color of background. foreground Color of normal text. scrollBackground Color of trough portion of scrollbars. scrollForeground Color of slider and arrow portions of scrollbars. menuBackground Color of menu backgrounds. menuForeground Color of menu foregrounds. tooltipForeground Color of tooltip and balloon foreground. tooltipBackground Color of tooltip and balloon background. font Name of font used for normal text. boldFont Name of font used for bold text. italicFont Name of font used for italic text. boldItalicFont Name of font used for bold, italic text. menuFont Name of font used for the menus, used when compiled without the |+xfontset| feature menuFontSet Name of fontset used for the menus, used when compiled with the |+xfontset| feature tooltipFont Name of the font used for the tooltip and balloons. When compiled with the |+xfontset| feature this is a fontset name. geometry Initial geometry to use for gvim's window (default is same size as terminal that started it). scrollbarWidth Thickness of scrollbars. borderWidth Thickness of border around text area. menuHeight Height of the menu bar (only for Athena). A special font for italic, bold, and italic-bold text will only be used if the user has specified one via a resource. No attempt is made to guess what fonts should be used for these based on the normal text font at the moment. Note that the colors can also be set with the ":highlight" command, using the "Normal", "Menu", "Tooltip", and "Scrollbar" groups. Example: > :highlight Menu guibg=lightblue :highlight Tooltip guibg=yellow :highlight Scrollbar guibg=lightblue guifg=blue :highlight Normal guibg=grey90 < *font-sizes* Note: All fonts (except for the menu and tooltip) must be of the same size!!! If you don't do this, text will disappear or mess up the display. Vim does not check the font sizes. It's the size in screen pixels that must be the same. Note that some fonts that have the same point size don't have the same pixel size! Additionally, the positioning of the fonts must be the same (ascent and descent). You can check this with "xlsfonts -l {fontname}". If any of these things are also set with Vim commands, eg with ":set guifont=Screen15", then this will override the X resources (currently 'guifont' is the only option that is supported). Here is an example of what you might put in your ~/.Xdefaults file: > Vim*useSchemes: all Vim*sgiMode: true Vim*useEnhancedFSB: true Vim.foreground: Black Vim.background: Wheat Vim*fontList: 7x13 The first three of these are standard resources on Silicon Graphics machines which make Motif applications look even better, highly recommended! The "Vim*fontList" is to set the menu font for Motif. Example: > Vim*menuBar*fontList: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-10-*-*-*-*-*-*-* With Athena: > Vim*menuBar*SmeBSB*font: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-10-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Vim*menuBar*MenuButton*font: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-10-*-*-*-*-*-*-* NOTE: A more portable, and indeed more correct, way to specify the menu font in either Motif or Athena is through the resource: > Vim.menuFont: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-10-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Or, when compiled with the |+xfontset| feature: > Vim.menuFontSet: -*-courier-medium-r-*-*-10-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Don't use "Vim*geometry" in the defaults. This will break the menus. Use "Vim.geometry" instead. If you get an error message "Cannot allocate colormap entry for "gray60", try adding this to your Vim resources (change the colors to your liking): > Vim*scrollBackground: Black Vim*scrollForeground: Blue The resources can also be set with arguments to vim: argument meaning ~ *-gui* -display {display} Run vim on {display} *-display* -iconic Start vim iconified *-iconic* -background {color} Use {color} for the background *-background* -bg {color} idem *-bg* -foreground {color} Use {color} for normal text *-foreground* -fg {color} idem *-fg* -ul {color} idem *-ul* -font {font} Use {font} for normal text *-font* -fn {font} idem *-fn* -boldfont {font} Use {font} for bold text *-boldfont* -italicfont {font} Use {font} for italic text *-italicfont* -menufont {font} Use {font} for menu items *-menufont* -menufontset {fontset} Use {fontset} for menu items *-menufontset* -mf {font} idem *-mf* -geometry {geom} Use {geom} for initial geometry *-geometry* -geom {geom} idem *-geom* -borderwidth {width} Use a border width of {width} *-borderwidth* -bw {width} idem *-bw* *-scrollbarwidth* -scrollbarwidth {width} Use a scrollbar width of {width} -sw {width} idem *-sw* -menuheight {height} Use a menu bar height of {height} *-menuheight* -mh {height} idem *-mh* NOTE: On Motif the value is ignored, the menu height is computed to fit the menus. -reverse Use reverse video *-reverse* -rv idem *-rv* +reverse Don't use reverse video *-+reverse* +rv idem *-+rv* -xrm {resource} Set the specified resource *-xrm* Note about reverse video: Vim checks that the result is actually a light text on a dark background. The reason is that some X11 versions swap the colors, and some don't. These two examples will both give yellow text on a blue background: gvim -fg Yellow -bg Blue -reverse gvim -bg Yellow -fg Blue -reverse ============================================================================== 3. Shell Commands *gui-pty* WARNING: Executing an external command from the GUI will not always work. "normal" commands like "ls", "grep" and "make" mostly work fine. Commands that require an intelligent terminal like "less" and "ispell" won't work. Some may even hang and need to be killed from another terminal. So be careful! There are two ways to do the I/O with a shell command: Pipes and a pseudo-tty. The default is to use a pseudo-tty. This should work best on most systems. Unfortunately, the implementation of the pseudo-tty is different on every Unix system. And some systems require root permission. To avoid running into problems with a pseudo-tty when you least expect it, test it when not editing a file. Be prepared to "kill" the started command or Vim. Commands like ":r !cat" may hang! If using a pseudo-tty does not work for you, reset the 'guipty' option: > :set noguipty Using a pipe should work on any Unix system, but there are disadvantages: - Some shell commands will notice that a pipe is being used and behave differently. E.g., ":!ls" will list the files in one column. - The ":sh" command won't show a prompt, although it will sort of work. - When using ":make" it's not possible to interrupt with a CTRL-C. Typeahead while the external command is running is often lost. This happens both with a pipe and a pseudo-tty. This is a known problem, but it seems it can't be fixed (or at least, it's very difficult). *gui-pty-erase* When your erase character is wrong for an external command, you should fix this in your "~/.cshrc" file, or whatever file your shell uses for initializations. For example, when you want to use backspace to delete characters, but hitting backspaces produces "^H" instead, try adding this to your "~/.cshrc": > stty erase ^H The ^H is a real CTRL-H, type it as CTRL-V CTRL-H. ============================================================================== 4. Various *gui-x11-various* *gui-x11-printing* The "File/Print" menu simply sends the current buffer to "lpr". No options or whatever. If you want something else, you can define your own print command. For example: > :10amenu File.Print :w !lpr -Php3 :10vmenu File.Print :w !lpr -Php3 < *X11-icon* Vim uses a black&white icon by default when compiled with Motif or Athena. A colored Vim icon is included as $VIMRUNTIME/vim32x32.xpm. For GTK+, this is the builtin icon used. Unfortunately, how you should install it depends on your window manager. When you use this, remove the 'i' flag from 'guioptions', to remove the black&white icon: > :set guioptions-=i If you use one of the fvwm* family of window managers simply add this line to your .fvwm2rc configuration file: > Style "vim" Icon vim32x32.xpm Make sure the icon file's location is consistent with the window manager's IconPath statement. Either modify the IconPath from within your .fvwm2rc or drop the icon into one the pre-defined directories: IconPath /usr/X11R6/include/X11/pixmaps:/usr/X11R6/include/X11/bitmaps > For CDE "dtwm" (a derivative of Motif) add this line in the .Xdefaults: > Dtwm*Vim*iconImage: /usr/local/share/vim/vim32x32.xpm For "mwm" (Motif window manager) the line would be: > Mwm*Vim*iconImage: /usr/local/share/vim/vim32x32.xpm Mouse Pointers Available in X11 *X11_mouse_shapes* By using the |'mouseshape'| option, the mouse pointer can be automatically changed whenever vim enters one of its various modes (e.g., Insert or Command). Currently, the available pointers are: arrow an arrow pointing northwest beam a I-like vertical bar size an arrow pointing up and down busy a wristwatch blank an invisible pointer crosshair a thin "+" sign hand1 a dark hand pointing northeast hand2 a light hand pointing northwest pencil a pencil pointing southeast question question_arrow right_arrow an arrow pointing northeast up_arrow an arrow pointing upwards Additionally, any of the mouse pointers that are built into X11 may be used by specifying an integer from the X11/cursorfont.h include file. If a name is used that exists on other systems, but not in X11, the default "arrow" pointer is used. ============================================================================== 5. GTK version *gui-gtk* *GTK+* *GTK* The GTK version of the GUI works a little bit different. GTK does _not_ use the traditional X resource settings. Thus items in your ~/.Xdefaults or app-defaults files are not used. Many of the traditional X command line arguments are not supported. (e.g., stuff like -bg, -fg, etc). The ones that are supported are: command line argument resource name meaning ~ -fn or -font .font font name for the text -geom or -geometry .geometry size of the gvim window -rv or -reverse *reverseVideo white text on black background -display display to be used To set the font, see |'guifont'|. For GTK, there's also a menu option that does this. Additionally, there are these command line arguments, which are handled by GTK internally. Look in the GTK documentation for how they are used: --sync --gdk-debug --gdk-no-debug --no-xshm --xim-preedit --xim-status --gtk-debug --gtk-no-debug --g-fatal-warnings --gtk-module --display (GTK+ counterpart of -display; works the same way.) As for colors, vim's color settings (for syntax highlighting) is still done the traditional vim way. See |:highlight| for more help. If you want to set the colors of remaining gui components (e.g., the menubar, scrollbar, whatever), those are GTK specific settings and you need to set those up in some sort of gtkrc file. you'll have to refer to the GTK documentation, however little there is, on how to do this. *gtk-tooltip-colors* Example, which sets the tooltip colors to black on light-yellow: > style "tooltips" { bg[NORMAL] = "#ffffcc" fg[NORMAL] = "#000000" } widget "gtk-tooltips*" style "tooltips" Write this in the file ~/.gtkrc and it will be used by GTK. Don't forget to remove the ">" characters from the first column. Using Vim as a GTK+ plugin *gui-gtk-socketid* When the GTK+ version of Vim starts up normally, it creates its own top level window (technically, a 'GtkWindow'). GTK+ provides an embedding facility with its GtkSocket and GtkPlug widgets. If one GTK+ application creates a GtkSocket widget in one of its windows, an entirely different GTK+ application may embed itself into the first application by creating a top-level GtkPlug widget using the socket's ID. If you pass Vim the command-line option '--socketid' with a decimal or hexadecimal value, Vim will create a GtkPlug widget using that value instead of the normal GtkWindow. This enables Vim to act as a GTK+ plugin. This really is a programmer's interface, and is of no use without a supporting application to spawn the Vim correctly. For more details on GTK+ sockets, see http://www.gtk.org/api/ Note that this feature requires the latest GTK version. GTK 1.2.10 still has a small problem. ============================================================================== 6. GNOME version *gui-gnome* *Gnome* *GNOME* The Gnome GUI works just like the GTK version. It only looks a bit different. See |GTK| above for how it works. These are the different looks: - Uses GNOME dialogs. - Uses the GNOME dock, so that the toolbar and menubar can be moved to different locations other than the top (e.g., the toolbar can be placed on the left, right, top, or bottom). The positioning of the menubar and toolbar isn't saved right now; I think that's for GNOME session management which isn't supported (yet). - That means the menubar and toolbar handles are back! Yeah! And the resizing grid still works too. Gnome is automatically compiled with if it was found by configure. ============================================================================== 7. Compiling *gui-x11-compiling* If using X11, Vim's Makefile will by default first try to find the necessary GTK+ files on your system. If the GTK+ files cannot be found, then the Motif files will be searched for. Finally, if this fails, the Athena files will be searched for. If all three fail, the GUI will be disabled. For GTK+, Vim's configuration process requires that GTK+ be properly installed. That is, the shell script 'gtk-config' must be in your PATH, and you can already successful compile, build, and execute a GTK+ program. The reason for this is because the compiler flags (CFLAGS) and link flags (LDFLAGS) are obtained through the 'gtk-config' shell script. Otherwise, if you are using Motif or Athena, when you have the Motif or Athena files in a directory where configure doesn't look, edit the Makefile to enter the names of the directories. Search for "GUI_INC_LOC" for an example to set the Motif directories, "CONF_OPT_X" for Athena. *gui-x11-gtk* At the time of this writing, you may use either GTK+ version 1.0.6 or 1.2. It is suggested that you use v1.2 since not all of Vim's GUI features are present if using v1.0.6. For instance, there are no tearoff menus present in v1.0.6. Using a version from GTK+'s CVS tree may or may not work, and is therefore not supported and not recommended. Lastly, although GTK+ has supposedly been ported to the Win32 platform, this has not been tested with Vim and is also unsupported. *gui-x11-motif* For Motif, you need at least Motif version 1.2 and/or X11R5. Motif 2.0 and X11R6 are OK. Motif 1.1 and X11R4 might work, no guarantee (there may be a few problems, but you might make it compile and run with a bit of work, please send me the patches if you do). The newest releases of LessTif have been reported to work fine too. *gui-x11-athena* The Athena version uses the Xaw widget set by default. If you have the 3D version, you might want to link with Xaw3d instead. This will make the menus look a bit better. Edit the Makefile and look for "XAW_LIB". The scrollbars will remain the same, because Vim has its own, which are already 3D (in fact, they look more like Motif). *gui-x11-misc* In general, do not try to mix files from different GTK+, Motif, Athena and X11 versions. This will cause problems. For example, using header files for X11R5 with a library for X11R6 probably doesn't work (although the linking won't give an error message, Vim will crash later). ============================================================================== 8. X11 selection mechanism *x11-selection* If using X11, in either the GUI or an xterm with an X11-aware Vim, then Vim provides varied access to the X11 selection and clipboard. These are accessed by using the two selection registers "* and "+. X11 provides two basic types of global store, selections and cut-buffers, which differ in one important aspect: selections are "owned" by an application, and disappear when that application (e.g., Vim) exits, thus losing the data, whereas cut-buffers, are stored within the X-server itself and remain until written over or the X-server exits (e.g., upon logging out). The contents of selections are held by the originating application (e.g., upon a copy), and only passed on to another application when that other application asks for them (e.g., upon a paste). The contents of cut-buffers are immediately written to, and are then accessible directly from the X-server, without contacting the originating application. *quoteplus* *quote+* There are three documented X selections: PRIMARY (which is expected to represent the current visual selection - as in Vim's Visual mode), SECONDARY (which is ill-defined) and CLIPBOARD (which is expected to be used for cut, copy and paste operations). Of these three, Vim uses PRIMARY when reading and writing the "* register (hence when the X11 selections are available, Vim sets a default value for |'clipboard'| of "autoselect"), and CLIPBOARD when reading and writing the "+ register. Vim does not access the SECONDARY selection. Examples: (assuming the default option values) - Select an URL in Visual mode in Vim. Go to a text field in Netscape and click the middle mouse button. The selected text will be inserted (hopefully!). - Select some text in Netscape by dragging with the mouse. Go to Vim and press the middle mouse button: The selected text is inserted. - Select some text in Vim and do "+y. Go to Netscape, select some text in a textfield by dragging with the mouse. Now use the right mouse button and select "Paste" from the popup menu. The selected text is overwritten by the text from Vim. Note that the text in the "+ register remains available when making a Visual selection, which makes other text available in the "* register. That allows overwriting selected text. *x11-cut-buffer* There are, by default, 8 cut-buffers: CUT_BUFFER0 to CUT_BUFFER7. Vim only uses CUT_BUFFER0, which is the one that xterm uses by default. Whenever Vim is about to become unavailable (either via exiting or becoming suspended), and thus unable to respond to another application's selection request, it writes the contents of any owned selection to CUT_BUFFER0. If the "+ CLIPBOARD selection is owned by Vim, then this is written in preference, otherwise if the "* PRIMARY selection is owned by Vim, then that is written. Similarly, when Vim tries to paste from "* or "+ (either explicitly, or, in the case of the "* register, when the middle mouse button is clicked), if the requested X selection is empty or unavailable, Vim reverts to reading the current value of the CUT_BUFFER0. Note that when text is copied to CUT_BUFFER0 in this way, the type of selection (character, line or block) is always lost, even if it is a Vim which later pastes it. Xterm, by default, always writes visible selections to both PRIMARY and CUT_BUFFER0. When it pastes, it uses PRIMARY if this is available, or else falls back upon CUT_BUFFER0. For this reason, when cutting and pasting between Vim and an xterm, you should use the "* register. Xterm doesn't use CLIPBOARD, thus the "+ doesn't work with xterm. Most newer applications will provide their current selection via PRIMARY ("*) and use CLIPBOARD ("+) for cut/copy/paste operations. You thus have access to both by choosing to use either of the "* or "+ registers. vim:tw=78:sw=4:ts=8:ft=help:norl: